Intéressé(e) par l'histoire des peuples et celle de nos ancêtres?
Vous êtes au bon endroit...
Interested in the history of peoples and of our ancestors?
You are in the right place...
FRANCAIS
L'histoire en tant que science et champ d'études est en pleine mutation. Grâce aux apports constants de l'archéologie, de la génétique, ainsi qu'à la confrontation avec d'autres sciences humaines (anthropologie, sciences sociales) ou "sciences dures" (démographie, biologie, statistiques) ce que l'on pensait acquis sur l'histoire et la généalogie des peuples est constamment enrichi et remis en question. Ce blog a pour objet d'informer sur certaines découvertes qui modifient (ou pourraient modifier) nos connaissances sur nos ancêtres, des premiers homo sapiens jusqu'à nos grands-pères...
ENGLISH
History as a science and a field of study is undergoing significant changes. Thanks to the contribution of archaeology, genetics, as well as exchanges with other human sciences (anthropology, social sciences) or "hard sciences" (demography, biology, statistics), historical and genealogical facts that were once considered to be established or "written in stone" are now being questioned, revised and enriched. The aim of this blog is to inform and discuss current discoveries that modify (or could modify) what we know about our ancestors, from the first homo sapiens to our grandfathers...
Une information qui pourrait révolutionner la paléontologie et l'arbre de l'évolution humaine. Article tiré du "Monde" du 17 octobre. Pour les lecteurs comprenant l'anglais, je conseille la lecture de l'article du "Guardian" un peu plus explicite, que j'ai également posté sur ce blog
L'analyse d'un crâne de 1,8 million d'années suggère que nos ancêtres formaient une seule espèce
Le Monde.fr avec AFP |
• Mis à jour le
La découverte du crâne fossile vieux de 1,8 million d'années pourrait indiquer que les lointains ancêtres de l'homme appartenaient à une seule espèce, conclut, jeudi 17 octobre, une recherche qui vient alimenter le débat parmi les paléontologues sur l'histoire de l'évolution humaine.
Contrairement aux autres fossiles connus du genre Homo, ce crâne bien préservé mis au jour à Dmanisi, en Géorgie,
comprend une petite boite crânienne, une longue face et de grandes
dents, précisent les chercheurs, qui soulignent qu'il s'agit de
l'ancêtre le plus ancien de l'homme découvert hors du continent
africain.
Les différentes lignées auxquelles se réfère la paléobiologie, comme l'Homo habilis, l'Homo rudolfensis et l'Homo erectus, ne différaient en fait selon les auteurs de ces travaux que par leurs apparences.
PRÉSERVATION EXCEPTIONNELLE
La mâchoire appartenant au crâne de Dmanisi a été trouvée cinq ans
avant le reste du crâne, le plus massif jamais trouvé sur le site de
Dmanisi, en partie excavé, et qui fait dire aux chercheurs qu'il s'agissait d'un mâle.
Sur ce site, les chercheurs ont aussi découvert quatre autres crânes
appartenant à des ancêtres humains différents, ainsi que divers animaux
et plantes fossilisés, et quelques outils de pierre. Fait sans
précédent, ces vestiges se trouvaient tous au même endroit et datent de
la même période, ce qui a permis de comparer les traits physiques de plusieurs ancêtres de l'homme moderne qui ont coexisté.
"Leur état de préservation est exceptionnel, ce qui fait que de nombreux aspects inconnus du squelette d'hominidés peuvent être étudiés pour la première fois chez plus d'un individu", a expliqué lors d'une conférence de presse téléphonique David Lordkipanidze, directeur du Musée national géorgien à Tbilissi.
UN GRAND VISAGE PROTUBÉRANT
"Si le fossile de la boîte crânienne et de la face de ce crâne avaient été trouvés séparément et à différents endroits en Afrique, ils auraient pu être attribués à des espèces différentes, car ce crâne est le seul découvert à ce jour à réunir de telles caractéristiques", a souligné Christoph Zollikofer de l'Institut d'anthropologie de Zürich (Suisse), un des coauteurs de cette découverte parue dans la revue américaine Science.
Outre la petite taille de son cerveau, environ un tiers de celle d'un
homme moderne, le crâne découvert avait un grand visage protubérant,
une forte mâchoire avec de longues dents et des arcades sourcilières
épaisses.
Avec leurs différentes caractéristiques morphologiques, les fossiles
de Dmanisi ont été comparés entre eux et à divers autres fossiles
d'hominidés trouvés en Afrique remontant à 2,4 millions d'années et à
d'autres mis au jour en Asie ou en Europe vieux de 1,8 à 1,2 million d'années, précisent les paléontologues.
"UNE NOUVELLE ESPÈCE D'HOMINIDÉS"
"Comme nous observons un type et une gamme de variations
semblables dans les fossiles d'hominidés africains, il est raisonnable
de penser qu'il n'y avait qu'une seule espèce à ces périodes en Afrique, a poursuivi M. Zollikofer. Et comme les hominidés de Dmanisi ressemblent beaucoup à ceux d'Afrique, nous pouvons penser qu'ils appartiennent bien tous à la même espèce."
Les conclusions de ces paléontologues vont à l'encontre d'autres
recherches récentes, dont celle publiée en août 2012 dans la revue
britannique Nature. Les analyses
d'une face, d'une mâchoire inférieure complète et d'une partie d'une
seconde mâchoire inférieure découvertes entre 2007 et 2009 au Kenya avaient alors conduit les chercheurs à conclure que ces fossiles confirmaient que deux espèces distinctes d'Homo erectus (Homo habilis et Homo rudolfensis) avaient coexisté en Afrique il y a près de deux millions d'années.
Le paléobiologiste Bernard Wood, professeur à l'université George Washington, s'est ainsi déclaré "très sceptique"
jeudi sur les conclusions de l'analyse du crâne de Dmanisi. Il a
expliqué que la méthode retenue par les auteurs ne prend pas en compte
d'autres différences importantes entre les spécimens, dont entre autres
les mandibules. Selon lui ce crâne sans précédent dans ses caractéristiques "pourrait bien être en fait celui d'une nouvelle espèce d'hominidés"
Will it be a fascinating change of direction with long-term implications for the reconstruction of our evolution? An article from the "Guardian" of today 18th October
Skull of Homo erectus throws story of human evolution into disarray
A haul of fossils found in Georgia suggests that half a dozen species of early human ancestor were actually all Homo erectus
The spectacular fossilised skull of an ancient human ancestor that
died nearly two million years ago in central Asia has forced scientists
to rethink the story of early human evolution.
Anthropologists unearthed the skull at a site in Dmanisi, a small town in southern Georgia, where other remains of human ancestors, simple stone tools and long-extinct animals have been dated to 1.8m years old.
Experts
believe the skull is one of the most important fossil finds to date,
but it has proved as controversial as it is stunning. Analysis of the
skull and other remains at Dmanisi suggests that scientists have been
too ready to name separate species of human ancestors in Africa. Many of those species may now have to be wiped from the textbooks.
The
latest fossil is the only intact skull ever found of a human ancestor
that lived in the early Pleistocene, when our predecessors first walked
out of Africa. The skull adds to a haul of bones recovered from Dmanisi
that belong to five individuals, most likely an elderly male, two other
adult males, a young female and a juvenile of unknown sex.
The five H erectus skulls found in Dmanisi, Georgia. Photograph: Ponce de León, Zollikofe/University of Zurich
The site was a busy watering hole that human ancestors shared with
giant extinct cheetahs, sabre-toothed cats and other beasts. The remains
of the individuals were found in collapsed dens where carnivores had
apparently dragged the carcasses to eat. They are thought to have died
within a few hundred years of one another.
"Nobody has ever seen such a well-preserved skull from this period," said Christoph Zollikofer,
a professor at Zurich University's Anthropological Institute, who
worked on the remains. "This is the first complete skull of an adult
early Homo. They simply did not exist before," he said. Homo is the
genus of great apes that emerged around 2.4m years ago and includes
modern humans.
Other researchers said the fossil was an
extraordinary discovery. "The significance is difficult to overstate. It
is stunning in its completeness. This is going to be one of the real
classics in paleoanthropology," said Tim White, an expert on human evolution at the University of California, Berkeley.
But
while the skull itself is spectacular, it is the implications of the
discovery that have caused scientists in the field to draw breath. Over
decades excavating sites in Africa, researchers have named half a dozen
different species of early human ancestor, but most, if not all, are now
on shaky ground.
The most recently unearthed individual had a long face and big
teeth, but the smallest braincase of all five H erectus skulls found at
the site. Photograph: Georgian National Museum
The remains at Dmanisi are thought to be early forms of Homo erectus,
the first of our relatives to have body proportions like a modern
human. The species arose in Africa around 1.8m years ago and may have
been the first to harness fire and cook food. The Dmanisi fossils show that H erectus migrated as far as Asia soon after arising in Africa.
The
latest skull discovered in Dmanisi belonged to an adult male and was
the largest of the haul. It had a long face and big, chunky teeth. But
at just under 550 cubic centimetres, it also had the smallest braincase
of all the individuals found at the site. The dimensions were so strange
that one scientist at the site joked that they should leave it in the
ground.
The odd dimensions of the fossil prompted the team to look
at normal skull variation, both in modern humans and chimps, to see how
they compared. They found that while the Dmanisi skulls looked
different to one another, the variations were no greater than those seen
among modern people and among chimps.
The
scientists went on to compare the Dmanisi remains with those of
supposedly different species of human ancestor that lived in Africa at
the time. They concluded that the variation among them was no greater
than that seen at Dmanisi. Rather than being separate species, the human
ancestors found in Africa from the same period may simply be normal
variants of H erectus.
"Everything that lived at the time of the Dmanisi was probably just Homo erectus,"
said Prof Zollikofer. "We are not saying that palaeoanthropologists did
things wrong in Africa, but they didn't have the reference we have.
Part of the community will like it, but for another part it will be
shocking news."
Reconstruction of the early human ancestor Homo erectus from the
latest skull found at Dmanisi in Georgia. Illustration: J H Matternes
David Lordkipanidze
at the Georgian National Museum, who leads the Dmanisi excavations,
said: "If you found the Dmanisi skulls at isolated sites in Africa, some
people would give them different species names. But one population can
have all this variation. We are using five or six names, but they could
all be from one lineage."
If the scientists are right, it would trim the base of the human evolutionary tree and spell the end for names such as H rudolfensis, H gautengensis, H ergaster and possibly H habilis.
The fossil is described in the latest issue of Science.
"Some
palaeontologists see minor differences in fossils and give them labels,
and that has resulted in the family tree accumulating a lot of
branches," said White. "The Dmanisi fossils give us a new yardstick, and
when you apply that yardstick to the African fossils, a lot of that
extra wood in the tree is dead wood. It's arm-waving."
"I think they will be proved right that some of those early African fossils can reasonably join a variable Homo erectus species," said Chris Stringer,
head of human origins at the Natural History Museum in London. "But
Africa is a huge continent with a deep record of the earliest stages of
human evolution, and there certainly seems to have been species-level
diversity there prior to two million years ago. So I still doubt that
all of the 'early Homo' fossils can reasonably be lumped into an
evolving Homo erectus lineage. We need similarly complete African fossils from two to 2.5m years ago to test that idea properly."
The analysis by Lordkipanidze also casts doubt on claims that a creature called Australopithecus sediba that lived in what is now South Africa around 1.9m years ago was a direct ancestor of modern humans. The species was discovered by Lee Berger at
the University of Witwatersrand. He argued that it was premature to
dismiss his finding and criticised the authors for failing to compare
their fossils with the remains of A sediba.
"This is a
fantastic and important discovery, but I don't think the evidence they
have lives up to this broad claim they are making. They say this
falsifies that Australopithecus sediba is the ancestor of Homo. The very simple response is, no it doesn't."
"What
all this screams out for is more and better specimens. We need
skeletons, more complete material, so we can look at them from head to
toe," he added. "Any time a scientist says 'we've got this figured out'
they are probably wrong. It's not the end of the story."